Virtualization of medicine and loss of human contact: how the doctor-patient relationship has changed

How has the medical profession changed in recent decades? How has the relationship between doctor and patient changed over time, especially in hospitals? An article that recently appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine, signed by David I. Rosenthal and Abraham Verghese, leads to a reflection on the evolution (or involution?) of the complex bond between doctor and patient.

In un’epoca ormai passata il lavoro del medico ospedaliero veniva svolto principalmente al capezzale del letto del paziente, dove medici, assistenti e studenti si riunivano e si scambiavano impressioni e pareri. Il fulcro del rapporto medico-paziente risiedeva nel contatto umano, nella capacità del medico di esaminare un corpo anche attraverso i propri sensi, nella capacità della mano umana di toccare, diagnosticare, curare. Si trattava di una sorta di rituale, un messaggio chiaro che i medici trasmettevano ai pazienti. Si creava facilmente l’opportunità di conoscere i degenti nel corso dei ricoveri e le cartelle cliniche erano fatte di carta, anche se erano spesso indecifrabili.

Modern medicine has brought with it something of a revolution; times and procedures have changed and the nature of the medical profession has changed as well. Medical records are no longer affixed to the patient's bedside but, residing inside a computer, they consist of a collection of data, sequences of drop-down menus and text fields.

The advent of the electronic age, which on the one hand has reduced the time needed to obtain the results of analyzes or radiological examinations, on the other hand has not increased the time spent with patients. Recent estimates indicate that doctors and medical students often spend more than 40-50% of their day in front of a computer screen filling out documents or reviewing medical records; much of the remaining time is used to coordinate care, perhaps over the telephone, with other specialists, pharmacists, nutritionists, primary care offices, family members, social workers, nurses, etc. Few of these meetings take place in person and, increasingly, given time constraints, the doctor does not see patients with his team.

Today the classic visit is often replaced by a briefing around a computer, during which images on screens, x-rays, reports, numbers, data are examined. The new technological doctor is often reduced to a mere prescriber, who sometimes carries out telephone visits or diagnoses online. In a nutshell, there is no physical contact between doctor and patient: despite the rhetoric on the centrality of the patient, the patient actually runs the risk of no longer being at the center of the system.

The doctor's attention is therefore often diverted from the lives, bodies and souls of the people entrusted to his care, to the point that the figure of the doctor focused on the screen rather than on the patient is now a cliche cultural. Similarly, the client has almost become an icon of the patient in a "binary" guise; Verghese has coined a word for this digital representation of the patient: theiPatient. Especially in the United States, the entire health care system relies on this virtual entity and provides incentives for its creation and maintenance; according to reports on the quality of hospitals in the USA, it would seem that theiPatient get uniformly great care, but real patient experiences are another matter entirely.

Anche le competenze apprese dagli studenti di medicina e dai medici di oggi non sono quelle tradizionali, necessarie per fare una buona anamnesi o per ricostruire la storia clinica del paziente, ma piuttosto quelle per apprendere l’arte di un buon esame bioptico, gestire documentazioni, accettazioni e dimissioni nell’era elettronica.

The patient himself is now convinced that his body coincides with the images obtained from diagnostic technologies and from the sequences of numbers generated by the devices used to analyze blood. In this way, he thinks he can keep his health under control by undergoing blood tests, ultrasounds or MRIs: one comes to think that it is better to have a good X-ray rather than a good doctor.

On the other hand, doctors are increasingly dissatisfied with their work, often embittered by too much time spent transcribing and translating information to be entered into a computer and by the fact that, in this sense, work never stops. The RAND Study"Factors Affecting Physician Professional Satisfaction and Their Implications for Patient Care, Health Systems, and Health Policy”, commissionato nel 2013 dall’American Medical Association (AMA) ha analizzato il fenomeno in sei Stati americani, mettendo in evidenza l’effetto negativo prodotto dalla gestione informatica delle cartelle cliniche sul morale di molti medici. Dallo studio sono emersi elevati livelli di stress tra i medici, in gran parte legati a un aumento di requisiti normativi, compiti amministrativi e adozione delle cartelle cliniche elettroniche. Secondo la survey, l’81% dei medici si era detto soddisfatto del proprio lavoro, ma il 47% lo aveva descritto come estremamente stressante e il 19% aveva parlato senza mezzi termini di burnouts. Many of those interviewed underlined how the computer, instead of being a tool of help and simplification, has actually become an obstacle that takes time away from patient care.

These findings underscore the importance of reflecting on what the medical profession once was, what it is now, and what it should be or is likely to become. Regardless of prestige, in the past that work has been performed under conditions and quality standards that would now be unacceptable; today it is practiced in a system that is certainly safer and more efficient, with measurable results. Yet, expectations seem largely unfulfilled.

Se il significato della professione del medico deve essere ripristinato, sono necessari cambiamenti piuttosto complessi a livello globale, a partire dal ristabilire un dialogo che includa chi opera in prima linea nel campo della medicina. Forse la più grande opportunità per migliorare la soddisfazione professionale dei medici nel breve periodo risiede nel ricostruire le procedure tradizionali e gli spazi fisici al fine di promuovere il genere di connessioni umane realmente utili: tra medici e pazienti, tra medici e medici, tra medici e infermieri. Si dovrebbe tornare al rapporto diretto con i pazienti, dialogando con le loro famiglie e gli infermieri, ripensando l’interfaccia uomo-macchina e fondendo il paziente reale con l’iPatient.

La tecnologia certamente non può ristabilire la soddisfazione professionale dei medici; è necessario ricostruire il senso di lavoro di squadra, di comunità, rafforzando i legami che uniscono i medici come esseri umani e ripristinando alcuni rituali carichi di significato per medico e paziente. Le soluzioni non saranno semplici, dato che molti problemi sono intrappolati nell’alto costo delle cure sanitarie e negli ostacoli alle riforme dell’assistenza sanitaria. Ma si può iniziare ricordando l’originale scopo dei medici: essere testimoni della sofferenza degli altri, dare conforto e offrire cura. Quello rimane il vero privilegio della professione medica.

To know more:

– Leggi l’item Nominal ISOMERs (Incorrect Spellings Of Medicines Eluding Researchers) – variants in the spellings of drug names in PubMed: a database review on the New England Journal of Medicine

– Leggi lo RAND study "Factors Affecting Physician Professional Satisfaction and Their Implications for Patient Care, Health Systems, and Health Policy

AIFA – 01/02/2017

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